Kebangkitan Tiongkok Dalam Membendung Hegemoni Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Sengketa Laut China Selatan

Emil Hikmawan, Fahriza Muhammad, Ahmad Sahide

Abstract


Sengketa Laut China Selatan merupakan salah satu konflik yang memperebutkan wilayah perairan di Asia Tenggara. Dalam perkembangannya pihak yang terlibat di dalamnya tidak hanya berasal dari negara anggota Asia Tenggara akan tetapi juga melibatkan Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok. Untuk itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kontestasi antara Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok dalam sengketa Laut China Selatan. Melalui penelusuran dari berita, dokumen dan pernyataan pejabat yang diperoleh dari media online dan teori realisme dari Hans Morgenthau mengenai pola hubungan antara kekuatan, pengaruh dan kewenangan. Di samping itu, wilayah Laut China Selatan memiliki potensi secara ekonomi dan politik. Maka artikel menemukan bahwa kebangkitan Tiongkok dalam hal ekonomi, politik dan militer sebagai bentuk dalam meningkatkan kekuatan negara. Selain itu, Tiongkok memiliki sikap yang agresif dalam sengketa Laut China Seletan bertujuan untuk menggeser pengaruh Amerika Serikat sebagai negara hegemoni khususnya di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Hal ini juga dibuktikan dengan adanya mega proyek Belt Road Initiative (BRI) sebagai jalur perdagangan yang menghubungkan Asia, Eropa dan Afrika. Di samping itu, Amerika Serika memandang kebangkitan Tiongkok saat ini menjadi ancaman yaitu meruntuhkan supremasi Amerika Serikat. Sehingga Amerika Serikat harus juga meningkatkan kekuatan militernya dengan alasan kebebasan bernavigasi dan berpartisipasi dalam menjaga keamanan serta perdamaian dunia.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Almond, R. G. (2018). Trade, War, and the South China Sea. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/trade-war-and-the-south-china-sea/

Alter, B. (2013). New era of China-ASEAN trade and investment relations. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/12/new-era-china-asean-trade-and-investment-relations.html

BBC. (2016). Why is the South China Sea contentious? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349

BBC. (2020). Laut China Selatan: Aksi China memburu sumber daya “melanggar hukum”, kata Menlu AS. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-53399174

Bidara, M. A., Mamentu, M., & Tulung, T. (2018). Kepentingan Amerika Dalam Konflik Laut China Selatan. Jurnal Eksekutif, 1(1), 01–15.

Blanchard, J. M. F., & Flint, C. (2017). The geopolitics of China’s maritime silk road initiative. Geopolitics, 22(2), 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2017.1291503

Chan, I., & Li, M. (2015). New Chinese Leadership, New Policy in the South China Sea Dispute? Journal of Chinese Political Science, 20(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-014-9326-y

Ciorciari, J. D., & Weiss, J. C. (2012). Conflict & Security. Journal of International Affairs, 61–69.

CNN Philippines. (2020). China to soon build air, naval bases in Scarborough Shoal, Carpio warns. CNN Philippines. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/6/9/China-build-air-naval-bases-Scarborough-Shoal.html

Djuyandi, Y., Illahi, A. Q., & Aurel, A. C. H. (2021). Konflik Laut China Selatan Serta Dampaknya Atas Hubungan Sipil Militer Di Asia Tenggara. Jurnal Ilmiah Muqoddimah: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Hummanioramaniora, 5(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.31604/jim.v5i1.2021.112-124.

Emmers, R. (2015). The US Rebalancing Strategy: Impact on the South China Sea. National Security College. http://nsc.anu.edu.au/documents/occasional-5-brief-8.pdf

Farhana, F. (2014). Understanding the Chinese Perspective on Solving Disputes In The South China Sea. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 11(3), 167–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14203/jpp.v11i1.196

Global Times. (2021). China’s Defense Budget 2012-2021. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202103/1217419.shtml

Haryanto, A., & Bainus, A. (2017). Implikasi Declaration of Conduct Laut Tiongkok Selatan Tahun 2002 Terhadap Proses Penyelesaian Sengketa. Jurnal Media Hukum, 24(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2017.0093.88-95

Haryanto, A., & Darmawan, A. B. (2017). Sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan: Ancaman Bagi Komunitas Keamanan ASEAN? Jurnal Global & Strategis, 9(2), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.9.2.2015.277-296

Hayton, B. (2019). The Modern Origins of China’s South China Sea Claims: Maps, Misunderstandings, and the Maritime Geobody. Modern China, 45(2), 127–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700418771678

Hiep, L. H. (2016). Vietnam’s Pursuit of Alliance Politics in the South China Sea. In Power Politics in Asia’s Contested Waters: Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea (pp. 271–288). Springer Internasional.

Junef, M. (2018). Sengketa Wilayah Maritim di Laut Tiongkok Selatan. Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure, 18(2), 219–240. https://doi.org/10.30641/dejure.2018.v18.219-240

Kemlu RI. (2013). Laut China Selatan. Kemlu RI. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/101/halaman_list_lainnya/laut-china-selatan

Kompas. (2020). Memanas, China Tuding AS Lakukan Provokasi di Laut China Selatan. Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/07/14/144131470/memanas-china-tuding-as-lakukan-provokasi-di-laut-china-selatan?page=all

Lendon, B. (2020). The tiny islands that could explode the China-Vietnam relationship. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/29/asia/vietnam-china-paracel-islands-intl-hnk/index.html

Mas’oed, M. (1990). Ilmu Hubungan Internasional: Disiplin dan Metodologi. LP3ES.

McRae, D. (2019). Indonesia’s South China Sea Diplomacy: A Foreign Policy Illiberal Turn? Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49(5), 759–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1601240

Morghentau, H. J., & Thompson, K. W. (1985). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (Ke-6). McGraw-Hill.

Ortueste, M. (2013). The Philippines in the South China Sea: Out of Time, Out of Options? (D. Singh (ed.)). ISEAS Publishing.

Perez-Alvaro, E., & Forrest, C. (2018). Maritime archaeology and underwater cultural heritage in the disputed south China sea. International Journal of Cultural Property, 25(3), 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0940739118000176

Permatasari, M. (2021). Wajah ASEAN dan Keseimbangan Baru di Asia Pasifik. Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/02/12/095206770/wajah-asean-dan-keseimbangan-baru-di-asia-pasifik?page=all

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). Foreign Trade Statistics of the Philippines: 2016. Philippine Statistics Authority. https://psa.gov.ph/content/foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-2016

Placido, D. (2018). Duterte thanks “sovereign equal” China for infra, anti-terror aid. ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/10/18/duterte-thanks-sovereign-equal-china-for-infra-anti-terror-aid

Political Science. (2018). Elements of National Power. Political Science. https://www.politicalscienceview.com/elements-of-national-power/

Pujiwidodo, D. (2017). EFEKTIFITAS STRATEGI REPUBLIK RAKYAT TIONGKOK DALAM MENGUASAI LAUT CHINA SELATAN PASCA PUTUSAN BADAN ARBITRASE INTERNASIONAL 2016. JOM Fisip UNRI, 4(2), 01–11.

Quang, N. M. (2019). Saving the China-ASEAN South China Sea Code of Conduct. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/saving-the-china-asean-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct/

Raine, S., & Miere, C. Le. (2013). Regional Disorder: the South China Sea Dispute, The International Institution for Strategic Studies. Routledge.

Ramadani, S., & Trisni, S. (2019). Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Filipina Terhadap Cina Terkait Sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan pada Masa Duterte. Intermestic, 4(1), 46–67. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v4n1.4

Rosales, P. J. (2018). The Philippines - National Study Infrastructure Financing Strategies for Sustainable Development. UNESCAP. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/3-Philippines National Study_printer rev_0.pdf

Setiawan, A. (2017). Keamanan Maritim di Laut Cina Selatan: Tinjauan atas Analisa Barry Buzan. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional, 3(1), 33–62. https://doi.org/10.31599/jkn.v3i1.8

Sorongan, T. P. (2021). Awas “Adu Jotos”, Kapal Perang AS-China di Laut China Selatan. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210413082201-4-237337/awas-adu-jotos-kapal-perang-as-china-di-laut-china-selatan

The Guardian. (2012). Philippines accuses China of deploying ships in Scarborough shoal. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/23/philippines-china-ships-scarborough-shoal

Tiezzi, S. (2018). Duterte’s China Convergence Continues. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/dutertes-china-convergence-continues/

US Energy Information Administration. (2013). South China Sea. US Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/regions-of-interest/South_China_Sea

Vujakovic, P. (2020). The map is the story: the U-shaped line in western news media coverage of the geopolitics of the South China Sea. International Journal of Cartography, 6(2), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2018.1541581

Welch, D. A. (2016). China’s Curious South China Sea Negotiation Policy. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/chinas-curious-south-china-sea-negotiation-policy/

Widian, R., & Arimadona, A. (2018). Cooperation & Security Dilemma In The South China Sea. Jurnal Global Strategis, 12(2), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.20473/jgs.12.2.2018.91-106

Zhao, S. (2018). China and the South China sea arbitration: Geopolitics versus international law. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(109), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2017.1363012

Zizi, S., Jalil, B., Ahzran, A., Perman, B., Zaaba, Z. B., Sains, F., Polisi, P., & Mara, U. T. (2020). Hubungan Malaysia-China Dalam Isu Laut China Selatan : Satu Analisis. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5, 48–64.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31604/jim.v7i2.2023.549-559

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 4215 times
PDF - 775 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.